Tihana Kušter
Magistra ranonovovjekovne povijesti i povijesti umjetnosti. Urednica je portala Povcast.hr i doktorandica Predmoderne povijesti na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu s istraživačkim interesom za digitalnu historiju. U slobodno vrijeme bavi se moderiranjem rasprava dvaju vrsnih intelektualaca - todlera.
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Treću godinu za redom, TI experimental archaeology i udruga za popularizaciju arheologije ZipArh organiziraju radionicu eksperimentalne arheologije pod ovogodišnjim nazivom “Hrana na prapovijesni način / Food on Prehistoric Way”. Radionica će se održati 8.-11. kolovoza 2019. u kampu Borovik, kod jezera Borovik u blizini Đakova. Kao što kažu, tema ovogodišnje radionice je hrana, tj. što je sve čovjek morao proći da bi dobio obrok krajnje neophodan za preživljavanje u uvjetima koji mu je priroda pružila. Sudionicima radionice preodočit će se načini nabavljanja, kuhanja i pečenja hrane tijekom mezolitika i neolitika.
Hrana na prapovijesni način
“Ovogodišnja radionica eksperimentalne arheologije na Boroviku donosi Vam potpuno nove stvari. Ove godine otkrit ćete kako je to čovjek u prapovijesti jeo. Koliko mu truda trebalo za nabavku i pripremu hrane, te koje je sve alate koristio za tu svrhu. Kakvu je keramiku pravio i pekao da bi mogao kuhati, te kakvo je oružje koristio za lov. Također ova godina Vam donosi festivalski sistem izlaganja radionice.
Svaki dan imat ćemo nekoliko grupa koje će biti tematski obučene u neolitičku odjeću i koje će Vam prikazivati kako se izrađivao kremeni alat, kako se pravila keramika, te kako su se pravile koštane alatke. Kao šlag na torti uz sve to jedan od prezentatora pokazivat će Vam svaki dan kako je čovjek u prapovijesti izrađivao drveni luk, ali ovoga puta isključivo na prapovijesni način, sa kamenim glačanim i cijepanim oruđem. Uz njega će opet biti meta pa ćete kao i prošlih godina moći iskjšati svoje streljačke sposobnosti. Također ove godine prikazati ćemo Vam kako je čovjek palio vatro na primitivan način.
Pored svih radionica bit će i dva štanda, na jednom izrađevine od kremena, kosti, školjaka i drugih raznih materijala, a na drugom hrana koju je čovjek uživao.
Kako biste podržali naš cilj posjetite nas na jezeru Borovik, gdje ćemo na prostoru kampa 4 dana u kolovozu ući u svijet prapovijesti kako bismo Vam donijeli dio svakodnevnog života čovjeka u prapovijesti.”
Hrana na prapovijesni način promo video (izvor YouTube)
Hrana na prapovijesni način promo video (izvor YouTube)
TI experimental archeology
Radionicu organizira grupa studenata arheologije i entuzijasta koja vodi i Facebook stranicu Svakodnevni život prapovijesnog čovjeka/ Everyday life of prehistoric people. Više o eksperimentalnoj arheologiji možete čitati/gledati na web stranici TI experimental archeology studenta arheologije Tomislava Ivančića i istoimenom sjajnom YouTube kanalu.
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Food on prehistoric way - promo video
This video is presenting everything You can expect on this years experimental archaeology workshop with theme "food on prehistoric way" which will be held on lake Borovik. In video there are clips from last years workshops and also a video clip of neolithic sickle making which was made on beautiful lake of Borovik. -
Mousterian scrapers
In mousterian culture scrapers where one of main tools that where made by neanderthals.
Its production is very simple and it can be used for many things. First I made some thick flakes which are the best for scrapers. In the video I used discoid technique but the best technique for thick flakes is salami (lemon) slice method. But for that you need some elongated core which I didn't have.
After I made thick flakes I processed its edge with hard stone in the shape I wanted. There are concave, convex and many other shapes of scrapers. At the end of video I tested scraper on peace of branch. -
Neolithic sickle production
Here is a video that we have preparing for you since summer. The venue is on lake Borovik where was held experimental archaeology workshop Everyday life of prehistoric people. This is the first video where I'm speaking so I hope you like the explanations.
For neolithic sickle production you need some sort of axe, I decided to use simple primitive flint axe which I made with bifacial method. Then I was looking for good peace of wood which could be used for handle of sickle. The wood I'm using in video is dogwood, really good for processing.
With flint blades I prepared surface for groove and processed the ends of handles, of which one end was thinned and pierced with borer. Then I made burins for making the groove, which I made about 0,5 to 1 centimeter deep.
The next step was to make flint blades wit indirect method for inserting in the groove. After the blades where produced, they had to be reshaped so they could fit perfectly in the groove, here is important to watch out that blades are in same height and same line and very important is that there are no gaps between blades because wheat will stuck there.
Then after preparing everything for sickle I went in the woods and picked some resin for glue production. When resin was picked I powdered some charcoal. Resin was put in fire together with bee wax and when all melted charcoal was mixed in. Ratio of resin and charcoal is 3 to 1.
When glue was finished blades where fixed in the handle and left to cool down. When it cooled I wanted to remove surplus of glue and I did it with some oil. After all of that it was time for some art. I decided to draw ear of wheat, and I did it with fire and some sticks.
At the end of video you can see testing of the sickle and it preformed very well. -
Solutrean shouldered point
The Solutrean industry is advanced flint tool-making style of the Upper Palaeolithic of the Final Gravettian, from around 22,000 to 17,000 BP. Solutrean sites have been found in modern-day France, Spain and Portugal.
In Solutrean there are quite number of points and shouldered point is one of them. The production starts with production of blades with direct percussion. After that you chose the best blade that is suitable for shouldered point. Then with pressure you remove small chips of flint and that way you shape the point. When the point is shaped you start to shape the shoulder with little harder pressure and larger chips.
When the point is finished it is inserted in wooden shift and secured with glue and rope. -
Flint blades production by pressure
Blades production by pressure with a crutch is the best method to produce flint blades. Blades are straighter and more equal than in any other method.
Before starting the pressure debitage first you have to prepare core with direct and indirect technique of blade production. Then you prepare platform really carefully, because that decides how your blade will look like. After that you put core in a stand which has to be very fixed in the stand, because you don't want it to move, because you won't get good blade, or you'll finish with no blade at all. Then you put the copper tip of a crutch on platform that you prepared, put the other end of crutch on your stomach or chest and push as hard as you can. If everything went right you got yourself a nice blade.
The crutch is made from axe shaft, small board and copper tip.
The stand is modeled on the one made by dr. Antoni Palomo. It is very good fixed and there is no problem with stability. -
Microblade production by pressure
Microblades were first used in northern China in upper palaeolithic (30 000 BP). This technique is performed in areas that don't have so much chert, but also in the other areas.
Microblades are very good for inserting in arrows because they have incredible breaktrough power trough animals.
Technique is performed on smaller cores, such as handle cores. In this video I used plunged blade because of lack of flint material. First you prepare the core, then you prepare the platform, an then with antler hammer you get microblades off. You must prepare platform good to be able to remove microblade. After you prepare platform you put your antler pressure on the edge of core and push really hard. -
Direct technique of flint blade production
This video presents to you how flint blades have been made by direct technique. You can make blades with hard hammer (stone of various sizes and hardness) and with soft hammer (antler by deer).
Blade production have been introduced in middle palaeolithic in Levallois technology. There you have Levallois blades. Also on African area you have homo sapiens sapiens who also use technology of blade production. In upper palaeolithic on european area there is mass introduction with blade production, basically that is 90 % of all production.
The best hammer for direct blade production is soft hammer from deer antler, you have more precision and core doesn't brake that much like with hard hammer. Like for every blade production technique, first you have to prepare the core and then before every blow you have to prepare platform. That is very important, because you control the look of your blades. If you want to use blades for cutting it is better to make them tinner, if you are going to reproduce them in some of the tools than you want little or more thicker blades, depends on the tool you want to make.
Hope you find this video useful and please click subscribe. -
Production of burins
In the next episode of flint stone saga I am making burins.
Burins were introduced in upper palaeolithic when they became tool that was really spread among the population. This tool is really good for wood and antler processing, and there are a lot of different subtypes of this type of tool. Some of them are diedric burin, angle burin, combined as endscraper-burin or borer-burin.
The production is also very simple as the one of endscraper. You take flint blade, put it on wooden anvil and prepare striking platform depending of which burin you want to make. The most common is angle burin for which you prepare platform with slight angle from the place you are going to hit and the you hit on the edge of platform with soft antler hammer. Then you get one burin which has 3 edges which you can use and you get chip of burin that you also can use for wood processing and for boring different types of material.
Burins are really good for making grooves in wood handles in which you can put flint blades, but are also good for making grooves in antler so you can cut it the way you want, and also for making of antler and bone punch for indirect technique of blade production. -
Production of endscrapers
With this video and the one with biface making I'm starting a series of videos about flint tools production. The gold is to produce all the main flint tools in palaeolithic, mesolithic and neolithic.
In this video I'm starting with one large group of flint tools, endscrapers. Endscrapers were first made in middle palaeolithic, but were scarce. In upper palaeolithic starts large production of this type of tools. There are many subtypes of endscrapers, such as simple endscraper, corelike endscraper, double endscraper, combined as endscraper-burin tool and many more. Endscrapers were used for processing of animal skin, but could be used for wood processing as well.
Technology for its production is very simple. First you take flint blade and remove irregularities if there are any (such as curving of a blade) then you put blade on wooden anvil and with soft hammer (antler hammer) remove small flakes from the edge of blade. It is important to hold blade little bit of the edge of the anvil, because that way you'll get the angle you need for endscraper. After you get the shape then you should remove small irregularities from endscraper edge. And that is how you make endscrapers. -
Indirect technique of flint blade production
This video was made on experimental archaeology workshop in Jales, France. The flint used for the technique is from Normandy, France. First part of indirect technique blade production is preparing of the core. After all of irregularities are removed, than I started with blade production. Before every blow the platform needs to be prepared, because that way you can control the shape of blade and the thickness of platform. Only downside of this technique is that blades are often curved and that way they need to be reshaped for next usage. Blades like these could be used for any tool there is in neolithic. Because all the way from upper paleolithic anatomically modern human were making their tools mostly on the blades. -
Process of Making Biface
The video is presenting the process of making biface with direct percussion method by soft antler hammer. The flint used for biface production is from Normandy, France. After making biface I tested it on cow skin. It shaved hair easily of the skin and it cut the skin just as easy as flint blade. Bifaces are often called "swiss knifes of prehistory" because they could be used in so many ways. They are usually made quite bigger than I made this one, so it could be used as flint axe, as scraper, as knife and many more. They were made in acheulean culture. That culture is closely connected to lower palaeolithic and with homo erectus. -
Production of prehistoric sickle
In this video we are presenting production of prehistoric sickle.
First of all we found peace of wood which was naturally curved in shape of sickle. With flint tools (notches and blades) notch was made. It is some 5 millimeters deep. Then geometric bladetes were made on edge of small peace of wood. Bladetes were made from one larger flint blade. Next step was to put these bladetes in our peace of wood and we needed to make sure that bladetes won't move. For that we used our prehistoric glue (production of which is presented in our other video). We used lighter to melt down the glue because we were not allowed starting fire on that place where workshop was held. After the glue cooled down we tested it on grass. Eventually sickle was tested on harder types of grass and works great. Now the sickle is waiting for the summer and wheat harvesting.
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